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Cataplexy is one of the symptoms that can happen in people with narcolepsy. A person with cataplexy may suddenly lose muscle tone while awake, causing the head to fall forward and the knees to buckle. Most attacks last for less than 30 seconds and may go unnoticed, but in severe cases, the person may fall and stay paralyzed for as long as several minutes. Laughter, anger, or other strong emotions often trigger cataplexy. Medication is often needed to help treat the condition.

Biliary colic is episodic pain caused by a gallstone temporarily stuck in a duct that carries bile to the small intestine. People who eat large quantities of simple sugars and dietary fats are more likely to have gallstones compared to people who eat what is considered a “heart healthy diet.” However, this is just an association, not proof that sugar and fat cause gallstones. However, it’s worth trying a very low fat diet. A low fat diet decreases contractions of the gallbladder. This may prevent stones from moving out of the gallbladder into the bile duct where they may get stuck. So a low fat diet may decrease the risk of future attacks of biliary colic.

While the best treatments depend on the cause, most new-onset back pain improves on its own regardless of treatment.
When a serious or dangerous cause is suspected (such as when back pain is unrelenting and debilitating, follows major trauma or is accompanied by fever or weight loss), it’s important to seek medical attention promptly.
Reasonable initial treatments of non-urgent, recent-onset back pain include a number of non-medication approaches, including:
•    heat
•    massage
•    acupuncture
•    spinal manipulation
•    gentle exercise including stretching
•    physical therapy may be appropriate for those who need or prefer a supervised exercise program
•    remaining physically active (as much as symptoms allow)
If symptoms don’t improve, a short course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen may help. A muscle relaxant can be considered if other treatments aren’t effective.
When back pain persists despite treatment and the passage of time, further evaluation is warranted to rule out serious causes of symptoms and to determine a specific cause that might warrant a particular treatment.

Exophthalmos is an abnormal bulging out of one or both eyes. Sometimes eyes can appear to be bulging when a person has lost a lot of weight. The eyes remain the same, but there’s less fat and muscle around the face. This makes the eyes look like they bulge in comparison.
The most common cause of true exophthalmos is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland. The disease also can cause proteins to accumulate in certain tissues, most commonly in the muscles that control eye movements. These muscles are called the extraocular muscles. They get larger and push the eyes forward. Usually both eyes are affected.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to a measurable decline in at least one cognitive area—most often memory—that goes beyond the effects of normal aging. People with MCI are able to perform normal daily activities, such as eating, dressing, and bathing, as well as most complex activities, such as driving, cooking, cleaning, and managing finances.  The main risk factors for MCI include head trauma, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes. 

Frequent urination can occur for many reasons and treatment depends on the cause. The solution may be as simple as drinking less fluid and seeing if that helps. But there are important medical reasons for frequent urination that need to be investigated. Frequent urination because of frequent urgency to urinate could be due to a bladder infection or other bladder problem. Frequent urination with excessive thirst could be due to diabetes or kidney disease. These are just a few examples.

Agnosia is a disorder in perception. The person can’t recognize objects, shapes or people. A person with agnosia is not able to comprehend the meaning of what they see and cannot recognize objects, shapes or people. For example, the person may run into furniture, believe a spouse is an impostor, become frightened by ordinary sounds, or fail to recognize their own reflection in a mirror. Agnosia can contribute to inappropriate behavior. It can occur in people with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, after a stroke or other less common brain diseases.

Thanatophobia is a fear of dying beyond what concerns most people about life ending. Some techniques that help with any type of phobia include:
Breathing techniques. Deep breathing can counter physical and mental tension. One simple method to foster deep breathing is to breathe in slowly and count to five before exhaling to another count of five. Another technique is to place one hand beneath the belly button and breathe so that the abdomen rises and falls with each breath.
Muscle relaxation. Progressive muscle relaxation (tensing and then releasing one group of muscles at a time in order to promote whole-body relaxation) can help to slow heart rate and promote calmness. 
Desensitization. This approach combines deep breathing and relaxation with gradual exposure (either through audiotapes, videotapes, or the patient’s own imagination) to the cue that most triggers the phobia..
Distraction. Putting the mind’s focus elsewhere is another way to diminish the anxiety and pain of dental visits. The more complicated the task meant to distract, the better.

The best treatment for wrist pain depends on the cause.

Some of the most common causes and their treatments include:

•    Minor injury, sprain, strain – rest, wearing a splint or brace, heat, over-the-counter pain relievers
•    Ganglion cyst – over-the-counter pain relievers; occasionally a drainage procedure or surgery may be recommended
•    Osteoarthritis – rest balanced with gentle exercises, wearing a splint or brace, pain reliever or anti-inflammatory medicine, cortisone injection; rarely, surgery
•    Rheumatoid arthritis – anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive medicine, wearing a splint or brace, exercise; cortisone injection
•    Carpal tunnel syndrome – wearing a splint or brace at night or intermittently during the day; a cortisone injection; surgery

For persistent symptoms, consultation with an occupational therapist can be helpful.

For wrist pain accompanied by symptoms that might suggest a serious cause, prompt medical evaluation is warranted. Concerning symptoms include fever, marked swelling or severe pain after an injury.