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People with very low levels of “bad” cholesterol (LDL) may not be helped by higher levels of “good” cholesterol (HDL), a study suggests. Researchers looked at both these types of blood fats in people who take powerful statin drugs. They used data from a study that gave rosuvastatin (Crestor) to people with average to low “bad” cholesterol. A similar group received placebo (fake) pills instead. Many people who received Crestor ended up with extremely low “bad” cholesterol. In the next five years, people who took Crestor had only half the heart attack and stroke rate as people who got the placebo pills. In this new study, researchers looked at “good” cholesterol levels for the same people. Among those who received Crestor, having a high level of “good” cholesterol made no difference in their heart attack or stroke risk.

Not every tear of a major knee ligament requires surgery, a new study concludes. The study focused on 121 active, young adults who had a tear in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). They were randomly divided into two groups. One group received surgery right away. This was followed by rehabilitation. The other group had rehab right away. They had surgery later if needed. Of 59 people assigned to rehab, 23 had the surgery later on. The other 36 did not need it. Two years after the injury, there was no difference in pain or function among the three groups — those who had surgery early, late or not at all. But every case is different, experts told HealthDay News. For instance, high-performing athletes probably would need surgery, they said. The study appeared July 22 in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Scientists are hailing a new vaginal gel as a breakthrough in the fight against HIV infection. Use of the gel cut in half a woman’s risk of being infected by a sex partner. The gel contains the drug tenofovir. This drug also is used to treat AIDS, the disease caused by HIV. The study included 889 heterosexual women in South Africa. They did not have HIV infection when the study started. Half of them were given the gel and told how to use it before and after sex. The other women received the same instructions, but a different gel. This gel was a placebo. It had no medicine in it. The researchers did not know which women got which gel. Neither did the women. After one year, the HIV infection rate in those who got the real drug was reduced by 50%, compared with women who got the placebo. After 2½ years, the rate was reduced by 39%. The journal Science published the study online.