Harvard Health Content API

A new type of drug may help to lower blood sugar in people who have trouble controlling their diabetes, a study finds. The drug is called dapagliflozin. It causes the kidneys to release sugar into the urine, which removes it from the body. The study included more than 800 people with type 2 diabetes. They were taking 1 or 2 types of diabetes pills and also injections of insulin. But they still had trouble controlling their blood sugar. People were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo (fake pills) or dapagliflozin, in 1 of 3 doses. After 24 weeks of treatment, researchers measured people’s hemoglobin A1C. This measurement reflects blood sugar control for about the last 3 months. It is expressed as a percentage. For people in the dapagliflozin group, A1C levels had dropped 0.79% to 0.96%, depending on their medicine dose. On average, they also lost 2 to 3.5 pounds.

Only 1.2% of U.S. adults meet all 7 major health goals to help prevent heart disease. But those who meet at least 6 goals are only half as likely to die young as those who meet 1 goal or none, a new study finds. The study included nearly 45,000 U.S. adults. Information came from a major national health survey that included physical exams. Researchers also used a database of deaths. The first survey was in 1988-1994. At that time, 2% met all goals for heart health. They didn’t smoke, ate a healthy diet and exercised regularly. They were not overweight. They also had ideal levels of blood pressure, blood sugar and total cholesterol. The last group was surveyed in 2005-2010. Then only 1.2% met all goals. The average follow-up time was 14.5 years. During that time, people who met at least 6 goals had a 51% lower risk of death from all causes than people who met no more than 1 goal.

Experts say a new testing option could allow many women to get screened less often for cervical cancer. The new advice is for women age 30 and older. If a Pap test and a human papilloma virus (HPV) test both show normal results, these women can wait 5 years to get tested again. Or they can follow previous advice and get a Pap every 3 years. Several expert groups issued the updated guidelines March 15. They included the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the American Cancer Society. The guidelines say the longer wait between Pap tests is safe if women are not infected with HPV. This virus causes cervical cancer. Women could become infected after the test. But 5 years is enough time to treat any abnormal cells before they turn into cancer. Many women under 30 are infected with HPV. But the body usually clears the infection on its own.

Long-term results of a European study have found that prostate cancer screening reduces deaths from the cancer, but not overall deaths. The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test has been controversial for screening — testing of men without symptoms. Many men with a high PSA result do not have cancer. Many of the cancers that are detected grow so slowly they never would have caused harm. The new research is a follow-up on a study of 162,000 men. All were ages 55 to 69 when the study began. Half were offered PSA tests every 2 to 4 years. After 11 years of follow-up, this group was 21% less likely to die of prostate cancer than a group that was not screened. But the overall death rates were the same in both groups. Researchers said PSA testing would prevent 1 prostate cancer death for every 37 cancers found. To find these cancers, about 1,055 men would need to be offered PSA tests.

Circumcision may slightly reduce the risk of prostate cancer, a new study suggests. The study included 1,754 men with prostate cancer. They were compared with 1,654 men who had not had prostate cancer but were similar in other ways. Researchers asked the men if they were circumcised and when this occurred. They also asked if the men ever had a sexually transmitted infection. The study adjusted results to account for other factors that can affect prostate cancer risk, such as race and family medical history. Researchers found a 15% lower risk of prostate cancer among men who were circumcised before they first had sex. Circumcision removes the foreskin from the tip of the penis. Researchers said they are not sure why the procedure might affect prostate cancer risk. Other research suggests that circumcision may reduce the risk of some sexually transmitted infections.