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Taking larger doses of vitamin D may reduce the risk of hip fractures in older women by 30%, a new study finds. The study combined the results of 11 prior studies. They included a total of 31,022 people. More than 90% were women. All were 65 or older. People were randomly assigned to take vitamin D pills or placebo (fake) pills. The new analysis found that the risk of hip fracture was 10% lower for those assigned to receive the real vitamin D pills. That difference was so small it could have been caused by chance. But the researchers also looked at measurements of how much vitamin D people actually took. This included extra vitamin D that people took on their own. Hip fracture risk was 30% lower in those who took at least 800 international units a day. The New England Journal of Medicine published the study. HealthDay News wrote about it July 4.

The number of overdose deaths from the painkiller methadone appears to have peaked, U.S. health officials say. But it still accounts for 30% of all painkiller overdose deaths. This happens even though only 2% of painkiller prescriptions are for methadone, officials said. The numbers are from 2009, the most recent available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released the report. The CDC said most people who died from methadone overdose had been taking it for pain. Methadone is best known as a treatment for heroin addiction. But it has been used more often for pain in recent years. Some doctors have chosen it because of growing problems with abuse of oxycodone. Some believed methadone was safer. The low cost of methadone has also increased its use. The CDC said there were fewer than 800 methadone-related deaths in 1999. That rose to more than 5,500 in 2007.

A drug that combines two types of medicines for chronic lung disease showed positive results in four studies, drug maker GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) said. The drug is a dry powder inhaler for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It contains two types of drugs that often are used for COPD. One is an anticholinergic called umeclidinium bromide. The other is a beta agonist, vilanterol. These two types of drugs relax airways, but in different ways. The new combination drug is long-acting. It is taken once a day. In a 24-week study, the inhaler showed better results than its two component drugs given separately, GSK said. A separate study compared the new inhaler with tiotropium (Spiriva), a rival anticholinergic drug. The new inhaler also provided better results in this study, GSK said. GSK is developing the new drug along with the British drug maker Theravance.

Far more U.S. children are visiting dentists now than 50 years ago, surveys show. And a racial gap in dental care has disappeared, a new study finds. The study looked data from 5 health surveys. The first survey was taken in 1964. Then, 48% of children had visited a dentist in the last 12 months. That included 20% of African-American children and 52% of white children. By 2010, the last survey, 78% of children had a recent dental visit. The percentage was the same for both races. The journal Pediatrics published the study July 2.

In a landmark ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court has upheld nearly all of the 2010 health care reform law. The court approved even the law’s most disputed part — a requirement that nearly all Americans have health insurance. Chief Justice John Roberts, a conservative, joined four liberal justices in the 5-4 ruling. They found that the mandate to buy insurance is allowed under the government’s taxing powers. The Obama administration also sought approval based on the power to regulate interstate commerce. But the court rejected that argument. The majority did reject one provision of the Affordable Care Act. That section dealt with the expansion of the Medicaid program. This is one major way that the law expands insurance coverage. The court said that the expansion can proceed.