Harvard Health Content API

Five mental health disorders may be more alike than they seem — at a genetic level. That’s the conclusion of a study published February 28. Researchers from 19 countries took part. Together, they analyzed the genomes — the total genetic code — of more than 61,000 people. Some of them had autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, major depression or schizophrenia. Others did not have any of these conditions. Variations in 4 areas of the genetic code were linked to all 5 disorders. Researchers cited 2 specific genes as a special concern. These genes regulate the flow of calcium in brain cells. This is a key part of how neurons signal each other. Researchers suggested that changes in genes could be one way that people become more vulnerable to these disorders. Usually, more than one change would have to occur for someone to develop a condition, they said.

The death of a brother or sister, especially from a heart attack, may increase your own risk of heart-attack death, a study finds. The study focused on 1.6 million Swedes, ages 40 to 69. Among women, those who lost a sibling were 25% more likely to die of a heart attack in the next several years than women whose siblings were living. For men, the increased risk was 15%. If the sibling died of a heart attack, women’s own risk of heart-attack death jumped 62%. This risk doubled among men who lost a sibling to a heart attack. The increased risk began 4 to 6 years after a sibling’s death for women and in 2 to 6 years after for men. Researchers don’t know why heart attack risk might be higher after a sibling’s death. The study does not show that one caused the other. Of course, siblings share many genes.

Flu shots offered only 9% protection for people over 65 against the most severe strain of flu circulating this season, the U.S. government says. That strain was the most common this season as well as the one that caused the worst illness. Overall, the vaccine provided about 27% protection against 3 strains of influenza for adults over 65, the new report said. Protection was about 56% for all age groups. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released the statistics February 21. Flu generally hits older adults harder, and flu shots don’t work as well for them. Overall, the effectiveness of this season’s vaccine was not much below average, experts told the Associated Press (AP). Because flu changes quickly, there’s a lot of guesswork in creating the vaccine. So 30% to 40% effectiveness is considered good for seniors, AP said. About 60% to 70% is acceptable for all groups.

Some patients may need fewer tests to keep track of a bulging artery, a new study suggests. The study focused on abdominal aortic aneurysm. This is a bulge in the aorta inside the belly area. If it ruptures (bursts), 8 out of 10 people die. Doctors order ultrasounds to keep track of when it’s big enough to make surgery worthwhile. But there’s no agreement on how often to do them. British researchers combined numbers from 18 previous studies. They came up with an ultrasound schedule that they estimated would result in only a 1% chance of rupture before the next test. They suggested tests every 2 years for aneurysms of 3.0 to 3.9 centimeters in diameter. This would increase to every year for 4.0 to 4.9 centimeters and every 6 months for 5.0 to 5.4 centimeters. That’s not much different from current U.S. practice. But British doctors do the scans much more often.