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People who take dabigatran (Pradaxa) to prevent stroke may have more bleeding problems than those taking warfarin (Coumadin), a study finds. But people taking warfarin had a higher risk of bleeding in or around the brain. Dabigatran was first approved in 2010. It reduces stroke risk in people with atrial fibrillation, an abnormal heart rhythm. Warfarin has been used for this purpose for many years. The new study used Medicare data to look at real-world use of dabigatran. The study included about 9,400 people with atrial fibrillation. About 1,300  were prescribed dabigatran. More than 8,100 received warfarin. Researchers kept track of them for up to a year. In that time, about 9% of those taking dabigatran had major bleeding. About 33% had any bleeding problem. Among people taking warfarin, 6% had major bleeding. About 27% had any bleeding.

Mothers talk to their babies more often than fathers do, and they say more to the girls than to the boys. Those are the main conclusions of a new study of 33 babies and their parents. Babies wore special vests that recorded sounds for up to 16 hours straight. They wore the vests first as newborns. Then the vests were used again to record sounds at about 1 month and 7 months of age. All of the later recordings were done on days when both parents were home. Not only did mothers talk to the babies more than fathers did, but babies also responded more to their mothers than to their fathers. Mothers talked more to daughters than to sons when they were newborn or 1 month old. By age 7 months, this trend was not as strong. Fathers talked slightly more to their sons than to their daughters. However, the difference was small enough that it could have been the result of chance.

A small new study suggests there are clear differences between the brains of people with and without chronic fatigue syndrome. Chronic fatigue syndrome consists of several symptoms that last for 6 months or longer. The most important symptom is severe and long-lasting fatigue. There are many other possible symptoms. They include severe headaches, swollen lymph nodes and an extreme reaction to exertion. The new study included 15 people with chronic fatigue and 14 others. They received brain scans using a sophisticated type of MRI. People with chronic fatigue syndrome had less white matter than people without the condition. Nerve fibers in white matter carry messages in the brain. People with chronic fatigue also had abnormalities in an area called the right arcuate fasciculus. This area connects the brain’s frontal and temporal lobes.

A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet may help adults as well as children to control epileptic seizures, a study finds. Many children with hard-to-control epilepsy use a ketogenic diet. This diet is 3 or 4 parts fat to 1 part carbohydrates and protein, as measured by weight. Some people also have used a modified Atkins diet, which has 1 part fat to 1 part carbohydrates and protein. Little research has been done in adults. A new evidence review looked at 10 studies of people whose seizures were not controlled by medicine. In all, 47 people were assigned to follow a ketogenic diet. Another 85 followed a modifed Atkins diet. For nearly one-third of those on each diet, the number of seizures dropped by at least half. Smaller numbers (5% to 9%) were able to reduce seizures by 90%. These effects were seen within days or weeks after people started the diets.

A substance found in cocoa may help to improve normal age-related memory loss, a very small study suggests. People in the study consumed a large amount of chemicals called flavanols. They are found in cacao beans, but mostly removed in the processing that creates cocoa and chocolate. The Mars candy company, which partly funded this study, found a way to turn the flavanols into a powder. The study included 37 healthy adults, ages 50 through 69. They were randomly divided into 2 groups. One group consumed 900 milligrams of flavanols daily, mixed with water or milk. That’s equal to about 7 dark chocolate bars. The other group received 10 milligrams a day. This diet lasted for 3 months. Before and after the study, people received brain scans. They also took tests of their pattern-recognition skills.